I give the mic to Giovanni to introduce the next speakers. Excellent.
Yes, thank
you very, thank you very much to EGA. So we enter Now the final hour of these long
but exciting conference. Before just going to presentation of Andreas, let me just
say that it was a pleasure for me to help organizing the conference, although not in
the format that it was initially foreseen. And I hope that you enjoyed it despite the
little glitches that we had, and to see many of you in person exceeding Paris. So
now let me virtually pass the microphone to undress a front seven, we give his
personal view of the experimental highlights of the conference.
Thank you very much. I hope everyone can hear me and to see my slides. Can you just
confirm?
Yes, I can see you and see your slides.
Okay. Very good. So I will stop the video so that there's more bandwidth for the
talk and you can concentrate on the slides. So Thank you very much for
inviting me for this. So just Yes. Okay, so this is not indeed an actual summary,
but it will be a few selected highlights because there was so much material shown
during during the week. Okay, so this conference was pioneering. It was I think
the first virtual of the large cap conferences. It was very rich showcase for
first grades, research and quite difficult circumstances. And I think everyone agreed
during this week that it wasn't very important conferences. So we have a huge
thanks as many people said to the organizers for bringing the community
together and quite short notice. Now we are celebrating 10 years of Physics and
Technology progress, and manga resides so this was a page from the sun Korea in the
march in March this year. Among the main reasons of classes that we know that the
Higgs boson exists, there is so far no proof of physics beyond the standard Model
up to the TV scale. But there have been numerous discoveries within the Standard
Model were made involving rare prophecies, flavor spectroscopy, high high density,
strong metal. And it is clear that the accelerators, detectors and computing and
analysis performed well beyond the expectations. And I think important as
well, the LFC has prompted prodigious progress in particle theory. Now, if you
think back, if you remember, back in 2008, there was this headline on 11 thing
actually, after the 10th of September CERN experiment machines switched on no Big
Bang, and it works. And it was all correct apart from the box, which took a little
year more to get it really running 900 gV in November 2009, and then at 70 V in in
2010. And these were the very first candidate collision events. We didn't even
know that we had collision. So we had to look at the detector timing to make sure
that we actually had inelastic events in our detector. So this is a nice event
display of the very first one from CMS and on the right you see a multiplicity
collision event analysis this first year gave rise already to create interesting
with only 30,500. pika bonds with a very interesting first paper. So there's this
very first paper on the left from Alice on the charged mood charge particle
multiplicity on the button, you have the production cross section of BB bar
production. This was a very important measurement from lsv to do to actually
make sure that the physics potential they were hoping for can actually be achieved
and this is indeed the case. Then we had a very first search of only a few hundred of
the universe nanobots in looking to digest events. And this was already of
sensitivity beyond the Tevatron at this at this very low sensitive luminosity. Then
came the, the bandwidth rich from CMS, which showed for the first time this
interesting feature of collectivity. in PvP collisions, you have this far range
nearby correlation spectrum And later in lead lead collisions. A similar collective
effect was seen already in the control room in Atlas to see the jet quenching. So
one jet basically removed in energy and to get this back to this larger Cemetery in
events. Now, of course, after an outstanding run to the LFC experiments
have now in their hands, the richest Hadron Collider collision data samples
ever recorded and the LSE really is an everything factory. So we have about 88
million Higgs bosons produced hundreds of millions of top quarks, billions of Zetas,
W bosons and trillions of bottom quarks. Of course, here, we have to look at the
acceptance. So this gives us a huge potential of physics and I think this week
was really witnessing this huge potential. Now, a very important ingredient of any of
the analysis results we have seen this year is of course, the accident detector
understanding and the reconstruction performance and the experiments are
exploding more and more low level machine learning algorithms. I think these these,
these applications to to reconstruction is probably the most interesting of the ones
we have seen from for the modern machine learning, in particular the deep networks,
but most importantly of all, above all is the meticulous calibration of the
algorithms with the data. And only this allows us then to make high precision
measurements and such as and you see here are examples of jet engine calibration and
CMS p jet tagging, calibration in Atlas and K and P ID efficiency in HCV. I could
add alignment vertex in from from Alice, for example, and very important is also
the precise luminosity measurement. And I think for many people in the LFC this was
a surprise that we were able to measure a 2% level using the vendor map beam
separation scans, the luminosity and on our experiments. Now, there was has been a
harvest of cross section measurements which confirms the predictive power of the
standard model these type of stairway stocks have been shown many many thought
plots which many, many talks and this is a beautiful example from CMS. And it shows
us so that has been huge progress on the theoretical calculation now next to next
leading electricity. There has been a revolution. This is state of the art next
leading order. Electric corrections are included and we have heard this week, it's
going towards dragon as the fruit fly of particle physics next to next leading
order QED electroweak correction. So this is really amazing. And one of the first
experimental highlights in this week was the observation of tribals on production
icms. You'll see here the various modes the combination is better is known now to
modern 5.7 sigma. And this troublesome collection is a collection of several
interesting diagrams in particular, you have here the try the triple gauge
coupling, the quasi gauge coupling and the Higgs production all together contributing
to these important processes. And this is a beautiful event display, offer a five
lectern event In CMS is a very pure event. Now, somewhere here at about 12 femto
bonds, we expect for top production to occur a spectacular massive state of
almost 700 gV. So this is something which exists in the standard model and Atlas S
has reported first evidence for this production with a significance of 4.4
sigma and a measured cross section of 24 plus seven minus six. So here you see the
BDT outputs of this analysis with a nice signal here in red, and you see in gray
and so the Tw contribution which is one of the important backgrounds here, which has
been fitted in this analysis and found to be 60% higher than predicted in the
standard model, and this is consistent with other Atlas multi lepton analysis.
This has been seen as well. Now this is an event display of four top candidate events
where you have a dialect on channel here and seven jets of which four have been
detected.
Now I would like to recall also that hadron colliders, as was said, also by
Eckhart enable high precision measurements. And we have many examples of
this already, we have very precise W and extremely precise top mass measurements
and science critical measurement, we have a very, very percent permitted level of
precision on w sets, cross sections, the top cross sections as well flavor
measurements. And so this is here's another example of a precise measurement.
There has been a long standing 2.7 sigma lead pastor of the ratio of the Wu Tang to
Tao and the Wu Tang to view with this result, you'll find in fact it is a bit
driven by an error three results which is fairly high and tau and low in you. So
this was something we wanted to test but you cannot just use a WD case inclusive
ones because you have a trigger bias because you have to trigger these events.
So then you you get additional systematic so it needs to clean props. So Atlas used
to teach about events but you can take on one or two Either W, and then you can take
30 seconds to mute us and then you can cancel systematic uncertainty stare, and
you take the lifetime and the momentum to discriminate between prompt and delayed
means and as a standard and find a value which is consistent with the standard
model and twice more precise than the lab measurements. Now, I would like to come to
the ldcs magnum opus, which is still the Higgs boson discovery allows us to access
new sectors of the standard model. And we have to have a couplings, the gauge scalar
boson interaction and of course, the Higgs potential, where we want to look into self
coupling. So run one provided the discovery and the couplings to both zones
and rantoul provided them the proof and measurement of Higgs couplings to the
third generation fans and this is really a big thing. So these couplings here this
yukata forces between elementary particles are a new form of interaction. It's not
age false. It is non universal if you wish. It's a little bit like rap. Almost
into describing the fate of the universe if you just think about if the electron
had a mass of the moon, think about what happens and you can find the answer in
this beautiful paper. Now, the experiments have continued with the full run to data
sample to to look into these yukata couplings and the measurements are ready
from Atlas and CMS. On the Higgs to BB channel Atlas has looked into VH
production it has in this channel read the full data set observed the age production
and strong evidence for W h and the overall cross section is in agreement with
the standard mode we have here this beautiful shoulder from the Higgs Higgs to
be BDK cmss locked in and very interesting analysis into heart jets were recoiling
against the Higgs and the Higgs decaying to the development. So these are almost
diegetic events as a substructure in one event. So this is interesting to look into
high PT, where you have a mixture of several production modes and of course
there is also sensitivity to new physics in this area. You See a beautiful event
here, where you have here on the right side of the jet and on the left side you
see the substructure of Higgs to VP candidates. And this is a striking example
of the power of our detectors. And we desire to exploit it in many high mass
such as the analysis of jet substrate by substrate by combining precisely that text
into tracking and coloring with information measured in a dense
environment. So, of course, we the experiments continue to produce properties
here an example in the fall container using the full run to data set and I
cannot look enough at this beautiful Higgs mass peak we see now in the follow on
channel which is really fantastic. Until you see here two examples of measurements
in of the differential section measurement of the Hicks for Hicks PT spectrum in good
agreement so far with the Standard Model expectation and also measurements from
simplified template cross sections constraint on effective effective few
theory parameters.
Now Looking into into the Aqaba coupling of course, a big and a very important
question is to understand whether there is CP violation in these in these couplings,
we know that we have to look for additional CP violating phenomena beyond
the standard model. And so, this is a very interesting area to look in particularly
the topics coupling which is so big. And so, a great channel to look into this is
the t th channel and this is a beautiful a peek here from CMS which it allows t th
and Hicks to gamma gamma allow us to observe this mode with 6.6 standard
deviations and both experiments have looked into this channel to try to see
whether there are CP odd contributions to the CP even. And this can be parameterised
by a mixing angle for him. You see here the chi square constraint from iPhone this
angle and you see it is compatible with zero. There is not a limit on 43 and a
full CP odd contribution is excluded by 3.9 sigma from this analysis. There's also
other ways to study The cover coupling in particular for the top by looking into a
detailed kinematic properties of the of TT bar production here for example, an
example from CMS, which looked into Tiki Bar production and measured the TT bar in
the iron mask by looking into the bl mass of a dialect on Tiki Bar production and
hear these type of electric diagrams give then constraints allowed to constrain your
cover coupling and the ratio of your cover coupling over expected you have a coupling
here has been measured by CMS to be compatible with one with about 20 to 30%
uncertainty, which is compatible and competitive with the direct measurements
and it's a very interesting indirect test. Now, of course, the experiments continue
to look into radicals of the Higgs second generation they are very fast results
preliminary of the full data set have been shown already before. This is a new
analysis from Atlas looking into zet gamma is that gamma is a little bit similar to
gamma gamma but it has a slightly different Loop induced diagrams, it has a
very low branch infection. But and of course sensitivity to new physics, which
is different from that and needs to come at ama. Atlas is a little excess here it
is about 2.2 point two sigma with a mu of two and a 50% uncertainty. And this here
is a candidate event, we have the debt to new neurons and the 14 year and I'm very,
very, very keen and then of course, the Higgs is a probe of dark matter. So if
dark matter is massive, it could or should cover to the Higgs boson and they it
wasn't could be the potter to a whole Dark Sector, as we have heard before this
morning. So invisible Higgs decays can be probed through associated production for
example, associated with the vector boson fusion, so safavid ships within rapidity
gap or other processes. So, this one vector was a fusion is the most powerful
one and has been looked at by class with the full range of data sets and UEFI are
an example of the digests in there and mass very high end as one would expect
excesses of events if there is an invisible SDK and this analysis allows us
to set an upper limit of 13% for this type of case, and it can be translated into a
very interesting constraint into the look on cross section to compare it and show
the complementarity of this measurement with the direct searches in particular, at
low mass as you can see,
now, it is clear that the brute Angular Higgs mechanism is real. This we have
learned and if you look at the couplings in this type of the copper couplings here
from CMS or the direct compared to the to the particle masses, it is clear that we
have a non universal coupling so the scalar sector is as expected and this is
directly connected with very profound questions related to natural vacuum
stability, energy and flavor and the Higgs boson discovery now gives us a tool to
directly study the sector requiring a very broad experimental program that will
extend over decades and experts into smaller we have learned in school That
expose on moderates high energy longitudinal vegetables and scattering.
So, this type of diagrams on the right upper right are exploding and breaking
unitarity if you go up in energy and so, with the Hicks exchange you get a minus
sign and these amplitudes which moderates this contribution if the X is not too
heavy, which is of course the case. So, this is the mechanism you need to test and
the experiments test this by looking at vegetables and electroweak qq vv
production. So, you see here the father tests and then here we have aquatic
coupling This is not in the gauge invariant diagram. So you need to add
other electroweak processes to this to advocate in varying formulations. So we
look for electronic production and we have to separate this from strong production.
And the history here is that electronic production has been observed during run to
WWE, same site WWE JJ by CMS in 2017 others in 2019, and then w Zed, JJ and Zed
Zed, JJ back lesson 2018 and 19. And we have another In this week, beautiful new
measurements from CMS of these processes. electroweak w gamma JJ with these type of
quality couplings observed with 5.8 standard deviations. And then here the
center JJ analysis from CMS using the full run to data sample involving these type of
quality couplings. And this says there's evidence with far simplified into nice
excess here for the discriminating variable. Now, run to a scene the
observation of electroweak qq vv production and as I showed you, tribals on
production, probing Hicks moderation requires higher math studies in the dye
dye jet mass. So this is physics, we were to doing one three and eventually, we need
to isolate the longitudinally polarized components at large delta phi j, j. And
this is really physics of the high velocity hc. This is my theoretical work
needed for precise predictions of these complex processes. And I would just like
to show you one example where we see the deficiencies we currently have. So this is
a New analysis with the full run today vbf electroweak zet plus vbf production by
Atlas and you see pre fits the distribution see and the control regions
and the signal region. So, the controller is I used to correct the predictions from
from the strong productions Ajay to get a nice prediction here but it would of
course, be much better have you from the start a good description good modeling of
these processes these are very complicated processes to model. Now, I want to switch
gears and move to flavor physics and spectroscopy. This is a beautiful picture
of the opening of the HCV detector you see the dipole here this is the natural colors
as the kind of the the photograph was done. So the success of the Standard Model
flavor sector is since long a source of discomfort for beyond the standard model
of physics, as are the anomalies a source of excitement. Now, I would like to start
this section with a little bit of bread and butter physics, which is very, very
important. And so the secret magic skips has four parameters and these are four out
of the 19 standard model fundamental Assembling parameters we need to know this
with best possible position and electricity has greatly contributed
already to ck metrology in particular through a large set of gamma measurements,
which is really an industry in lsv of these measurements. This is a fantastic
achievement what they have already produced on gamma. But now industry is a
serious and contributes to VCP and fee up determination directly and there is a long
standing tension in these between exclusive and inclusive results. And
you'll see this on this plot. On the left. You see this is the word average of the
exclusive results vo v versus VCP. And these are the inclusive results you see a
really big tension between the two. And this is now really hampering progress in
this area and LCB has joined this also from VCP they had already mentioned the
Wii U V over VCP from lambda v decays, but now there is a VCB measurement from BSD
cases. The first time I think this has been measured in VC in the SDKs. In the US
another approach to estimate the requirement because there there is
additional interest Neither the factories can use the energy constraint to determine
the nutrient which he or she cannot. So, they use a novel approach to not to not
suffer from this from this additional neutrino, but it needs some theoretical
input to get out of the measurement of the regular shape to the VCP measurement. And
this is used to there are two results from VA from LCP and both are currently
compatible with the exclusive and inclusive determination. So this is not
enough now to distinguish the two but this is certainly very important and
interesting inputs. Now we have either had new measurements of time dependent
evaluation to be system so the fai S is precisely predicted understanding mind for
me. This is the platen channel to look for new physics in the flavor. CP vibrating
sector. It's not only the golden channel, it's really Platinum because it's so well
predicted. And there has been new CMS results using the 2018 2007 2018 data a
total of 96 in less than two months here and using 11 parameter physics fits on it
so directly violating endogenous parameter, this has been combined with one
one and this past year from private from Thomas, who made this for me his shows the
results which are so far available, this is the new ca CMS result this is the
combination of our HCV results and this is the Atlas results you see there is a
little tension This is preliminary design here some tension, which we have to
understand before moving on. Now, another very important topic is rowdy case
Overall, we have seen in many theories talk the huge amount of statistics, we
have the LFC in all experiments and we need really to use this to look as much as
possible for any type of radicals. Because these are suppressed decays they have loop
amplitudes very often and small beyond the sandbar contributions can make measurable
differences here. And I want to highlight this beautiful new and HCP result from a
favorite hunter to come close this case shot to new which is predicted by
understand and model to be 510 to minus 12 there is quite some Haven't you from long
distance physics effects, decay long decay to Mew Mew is 6.8 10 to minus nine this
has been seen already, but not this case short decay and C and lcps look for it
using using the 2011 2012 data source, there's more to come and they found an
upper limit of 210 to minus 10. So still two orders of magnitude away from the
prediction. So there's a lot of room for for looking for new things. Now, of
course, I have to mention the status of anomalies I want to be fairly brief on
this. So we have the R D star anomalies. So the D star to tell you over these types
of you are ready to turn up to your heads the contention has been reduced a little
bit by 2019 better result which was in agreement with the standard model. And but
the remaining tension in an overall analysis by ah laugh with the head failure
actually average in group is 3.1 sigma still here in this channel. Then we have
this interesting rk star and rk ratios which are B to k star MIMO. KE can you
over k. In fact, experimentally, these are double ratios, so they're normalized to J
size. And here we have lsps. Driving this physics so far, the most precise results
for our K is 2.5. Sigma below the standard model. And for ik star in the two lowest
use carbon couscous, the entire mass of the two millions, is 2.3, between 20 and
25 sigma. So there's a new result from HCP, which was shown at this conference,
which is London, B two to proton K and loomio. Over the electron case, again here
are as measured as a double ratio, compared to over over the JCI. And the
result here is point eight six with uncertainties which are compatible with
the Standard Model, but again, it's a bit lower than the standard model. And this
analysis comes with the observation of course, this in fact of this v2, PK,
emotive modern seven sigma, then there has been a new result on the case on new
Angular analysis which is is famous p prime five observer but in fact LCD does a
global fit of all observables using some theoretical interpretation as well, and
this global fit gifts overall discrepancy with this particular model of 3.3 sigma.
So here I think there's only one firm conclusion at this stage, which is clear
that we need more data in particular for these ratios which are very interesting
because they don't have any uncertain any theoretical uncertainty. So then of
course, every year, we enjoy additional new states strong states. So we had these
ones this year. So this is the observation by CMS of a BS decay to x 3872. This one
decays into j sy pi pi and together with a five decay beautiful peachy a very
significant and they find that comparing it in the vs to b by b plus ratio with
site to business site to s shows a different behavior the ratio is in sight
to SSI. Point 87. And it is about one half for the study at 72, which shows a bit
that the study at 72 isn't quite normal shambling on stage. And I think we had
several indications already of this. And it's to be had in your observation, often
excited, omega b to SSP. So it's an SSP I forgot what this means, I had to look it
up decay to say B, which is ust and Kalyan and yummy w was itself discovered by CDF
in 2009. And they in this mass spectrum of the psi p k minus the ellipse, we find
these very interesting peaks. There are two very significant ones and two smaller
ones which need a bit more data to see if they're significant and this is very
quantitative a very similar to the to the corresponding omega c c k minus spectrum
which results are discovered by Lh CB, and so this is consistent with the expectation
from from an n equals one excitation of the current state. So, in addition to be
observed these extra excited excited zero c DC s states in the decay to lambda c
plus and k minus are very significant states here and a little shoulder here it
is not understood currently and more data is needed to understand whether this is
something significant. Now, I move to heavy ion physics, high density strong
matter, and also the physics of strong electromagnetic fields that I will show at
the very end. So, I want to start with this seminar, beautiful plug from Alice
which was in an earlier version published by nature physics and this is really very
rich of physics. So, we're just showing us here this the the, the size of the system
so you're moving from left to the right to larger and larger system so proton proton
here lead lead here. And on the y axis, it's the ratio of leads to pipelines
pipelines and the the different data points are more and more strangeness as
you go down. So you start with protons, canes, lambdas, file size and army guys
completely strange, strange particles. Yeah. So, the hydrogen overpaying ratio
smoothly evolves across the multiplicity reaching thermal values in lead collision.
So, the rise of the strangeness is the sort of rise you see a low and no for
small system but the rise strain is as the steeper the stranger the particles are,
and there's no squared of s depends on the solute, the low multiplicity, pp data
described by pythia. So, these points are described, but then PCs constant of
course, so this rising effect is not as hard as competition. So, the increase of
the ratio could indicate thermal production of strangeness independently of
the size of the system. So that's very interesting. So, you have recombination
quite a sense of strangeness. So then, the high multiplicity BP seem to have a
similar hydro chemistry as the fully feminized system. So now, the question is,
is it possible to understand the behavior of large systems from pattern re
scattering in the smart systems and they are interesting theoretical models now,
which allow this quantitative description we have heard about this this week. Now,
true collectivity in smaller systems has been established with I've shown you the
beautiful rich from CMS from 2010. But now of course, all the experiments have done
multiple measurements and this v2 elliptic flow parameter has been measured in many
many details and this is a beautiful platform Alice, averaging the various
systems from smaller to larger and showing a very consistent picture. And it is
really this the smart system collectivity was revealed by applying techniques from
heavy ion physics, in photon photon physics, this is very interesting, if you
look at the plots, so, the theoretical annaleigh analysis of the precise lead
flow data show that the shear viscosity of the Quark gluon plasma is 10 times lower
than for any other form of matter. So, this is an almost perfect fluids.
Now, looking into hot probes, we have I understood that the suppression of
strongly interacting probes in led led collisions this has been uniformly After
you see a cut here from Atlas of this nuclear modification array, which is
basically the library cross section ratio divided by proton proton cross section and
corrected for geometrical factor and you see if it is throughout for strongly
interacting particles smaller than one with some peculiar pattern and it is one
consistent with one for colorless particulates in this case is Zed and Ws
but also for photons. So, that's very interesting. So, this colorless particles
can be used as probes to understand the nuclear PDS but also as momentum
references in for example, Jet quenching analysis. So, now, what is jet quenching
and I find this quite interesting. So, there is there has been a lot learned
since the initial discovery observation of jet quenching in 2010. And so, you see
this beautiful plot from CMS where it shows the the amount of particulates
compared to the data are of a particle energetic compared to the jet axis. So, we
Like larger data you go out of the covenant you see that in the amount of
higher energy particles are reduced and low energy particles I increase increase.
So, the energy in fact, the picture is the energy goes out of the cone. This is what
happens in generation. Now, I want to show you results of Konya physics as well in
heavy ion collisions. So, there is an interesting competition between
suppression and recombination in the D confined meeting in the cochlea and
plasma. So, the color screening at high temperature even the very narrow the CC
value sets are melted at very high temperature. So, this is the famous effect
of kind of screening which we see here in this product at high PT for for verges
high production, but at low PT in fact there Konya can also be regenerated in the
cochlea and passing by recombination clusters of heavy took you back pass. And
you'll see here this is this is coming back so lower pity In fact, This this
competition here the recombination wins over cancers the dissociation from the
matching process. So this is very, very interesting phenomenon. Now we can look
at, so the JSON is very smaller downstate we can look into broad advances like the
Upsilon, or even the opposite resonance. And here this is a very beautiful plot,
which was shown already before, for the for the suppressant suppression and
central led led collisions of the higher oxidation states. So there's a stronger
suppression for loosely bound systems and the Tamia are less affected by this
recombination effect because they have a lot lower bV cross section. And so this is
why this doesn't play a role here, right? It plays a role in production. Now, the
high statistics in the data in the lead lead collision allows us to look expense
to look for new probes. CMS has done this here in this beautiful evidence for TT
about production in lead lead collisions. And I must say, I must admit when I saw
this first, it's an Because when I thought about so why is that interesting because
the the top decay so fast because before the Korean plasma has even any chance to
create, but there is this nice theoretical paper here which shows that in fact, if
you look at the top mass if you had enough statistics and you could look at the top
nice, you can in fact
derive from from the top mass from the disk from the deformation of the top mass
information on the time structure of the coagulation plasma. So that's very, very
interesting to look at. Now, Ellis has produced very new interesting results on
light, anti nuclei and nuclei production and absorption is a very beautiful
measurement, in fact, and so they have measured for example, the cross section of
the ratio of untied return on production, try 10 production, hidden three
production, two protons, and we see that in this plot here, again, versus the size
of the system, that it there's a fairly smooth transition across colliding system
again, so we have a very similar production mechanism for all for all these
parts. Because the smoky eye. And this is very interesting for other types of cosmic
ray studies, anti meta studies in the universe, as I said also shown a low PT,
anti deuteron cross section measurement where they use their detector as an
absorber to measure the cross section with its own detecting material. This is a
beautiful idea to do. Okay, so I've showed you in the beginning that the heavier
inclusions are also strong electromagnetic field collisions if the heavy ions pass
just by so so then very close by but not close enough so that there's no strong
interaction. And in this case, is the heavy ions can produce electromagnetic
fields have a field strength of the 10 to the 25th volts per meter, so that's huge.
And then this huge field strength we can produce we can observe very rare events of
this type of light, but light scattering This was observed patterns last year and
Atlas has looked now into more data, including the 2015 data has made fast
measurements of the differential correction and also looked into the mass
in the mass spectrum, which it could look at and obtain the very constraint limits
on on accident like particles between 60 and 100 g from this measurements. Now I
move to searches for new physics is a broad and deep as hell just continue many
exploiting the detector in in new and genius ways and not always envisioned by
the designers but it's possible thanks to the system redundancy. So any new detector
developer you have to build redundant detectors which is very important. And you
see a beautiful example of an event there for Tiki Bar resonance search and you see
here the three jet structure of the boosted top which was reconstructed here
in this case in the Air Force detector. So moving directly to TT by resonance search,
there has been big improvements by using deep neural networks to to do the tagging
of the substructure component in all types of heavy hydrants. Heavy Metal heavy
bosons w set H and the top Quark. And you see here, a spectrum measured in Atlas on
the food rental data set, not seeing any excess and setting a limit on some Zed
prime model of for TV. similar in spirit, we have here a beautiful analysis from CMS
looking into typos and resonances in the fully hydronic search again, so we haven't
printed a tool jet event with substructure and CMS could boost their performance by
using another 3d fit method by fitting the individual masses with off the fat jets
and the overall mass and all this together again for 30% better sensitivity you have
two categories here the low cut low purity category, the high purity category and
overall, this gave very sensitive limits of 3.8 t v on w prime production for
example, I would like Suzy super supersymmetry show quickly an example of
maybe a little bit less typical Which is a analysis to analysis looking for our
parity violation yet in electric Makino production and stop production in this
electric you know BK these so there is this this decay of a charge enter into a
lepton and does that so you have in fact, there's three left on resonance with the
mass of the charge you know, I just looked for this. So, look for resonances in three
leptons silent states and did not find anyone here and another in this stop
search. The the stop the charge the charge in overlook will decay into VBS file
instead. So you have many peacocks in the fine state. So the analysis signature here
is many jets many big rocks and I just looked here at events with up to nine jets
and five peacocks, which of course needed strongly data driven backhoe determination
methods. If you want to have the overall picture of such as for simplicity, we have
your platform CMS greener production and stop production in the simplest forms. And
you'll see that the limits are very strong already. Do we know sweet About to TV only
not excluded for very heavy Molina's. Similar for stop production up to 1.2 TV
on are the limits putting natural is really at a very strong stress here and
the electrification of production the harder in the harder mode with heavy slept
on so decaying two W's and w h see here the limit up to about 700 gV on a
production
now I would move to the Dark Sector briefly and longest particle searches. So
there has been a number of new experiments around the nhc and DSPs proposed and some
of them approved to look for long lift neutral particles. These could be for
example, heavy neutral leptons. So this would be kind of sterile neutrinos, dark
photon stock status x light particles, you see them all here in this ring. And the
phaser one is in fact already fully approved and in production in in
construction and you see here, pictures of the civil civil servants civil engineering
back to prepare phase in the tunnel, but finally At 80 meters upstream, and I want
to show as an example, analysis here, a beautiful search by LCD looking into a
dark photon and we have this combination over the dark photon is the particle
between the Standard Model sector and the dark matter sector and it makes us with
the standard water photon and this mixing coefficient epsilon, we have seen already
in the talk before epsilon versus the mass of the primes, usually what is shown by
the experiment and so this fantastic analysis to look these are uncertainties.
And this is a huge statistics of the diamond mass spectrum. The gray areas are
the known resonances. And LC was looking for additional small tiny resonances
around the spectrum did not find it but we're setting quite impressive upper
limits on these a prime production. Now, we've heard by Kate
this this this noon that the dark matter searches at the LSE can be done either
directly through recoil of this type here. So you would produce the metta party would
have missing energy. And you would have some required particles like a jet, for
example, which would recoil against missing energy. Or you can look at it
through this set prime media to production, which then would decay
directly into into resonances. And these two are very complimentary. So just we
have to do both of them experiments, it's very important. And this is an example of
the exclusion ranges for the clock coupling here to this mediator found as a
function of the Zed prime mass. And you see many, many different analysis for low
mass, particularly difficult to trigger at high mass notice a lot of boosted analysis
are needed to really fully fill the full spectrum of both doctors and CMS has done
this and so you see here a translation of these type of limits from CMS using these
assumptions on the coupling constants here g j q and a whip and then this gives a
very strong constraint from the digest such as here and the smaller constraint
from the recall. So I just but of course, if you change this coupling constant, then
the return It searches can also become more important. So it's important that you
continue for the searches. So, I want to move to the next steps. Now here this was
a beautiful picture of the height of NASA and civil engineering 8.5 and CMS. Now,
this is a bit of a busy slide the upgrades during during this tool, of course, the
aim is to improve the run through physics and prepare for the HSC. So, we have heard
from the accelerators from the great feminists that there is of course the AI
Liu so the energy injector upgrade with the newly not for booster upgrades and the
SPS upgrades. So this is for improved beam brightness and reliability. In addition,
there is of course, a very important consideration of the interconnection the
dialog boxes, then there are the two dipoles left so that it's to have the
possibility to add an additional column H and we hope that this can make sense make
make it at point seven. This will be very useful for heavy ion conditions during run
three and then there's all the civil engineering work for us hc. Now in the
detect the site in particular LS and LSP have really Which upgrade program and it
is really fantastic what they can do after this update, if you think about Alice,
they will have triggers readout. So 50 kilohertz radar detector instead of one
kilohertz before 50 to 100 times more minimum bias events and this needs
completely new detectors. They have a fantastic new pixel in a in a tackler
using monolithic CMS technology for the first time here, and overall, they have 13
billion pixel channels. So this is quite pioneering. And they have many additional
detectors here. So this is a huge, huge upgrade program, and hcb their main theme
is to have five times more luminosity and pileup. They would like to maintain under
these conditions, the performance of the detector. And so this requires an update
of our system. So they're new to checking the Texas pixel strip and the outers, sci
fi trackers, silicon, scintillating fibers and the rich system and the very important
features this 14 megahertz all software trigger allows them to do much more
sophisticated trigger than the hardware trigger before which was at about one
megahertz. Now Atlas and their main net as their main theme is to refine the trigger
selection in preparation for round three, but also for the luminosity nhc. So there
is a much more granular level one kind of limited trigger and this is exposed by
many new powerful level one trigger bullets which allow to have much more
powerful everyone triggers and political feature here is of course the famous new
small reader, which improves the fake moon rejection at the trigger level. CMS has
already started early to do the upgrade so the new pixel has already been put in
during rent to DC DC converter upgrades already there. We're going to trigger the
GPS system and he had he called electronic and they're finalizing all these upgrade
components during this to now run three will be a game changer for Alice and lsv.
As I've said for Atlas and CMS, the LS two upgrades prepare for the game and game
changing high luminosity Just now we have heard, of course, we had the talk from
Benjamin or just before and that have occurred that this week that much of this
work is affected by the necessary COVID-19 measures in addition to the restrictions
at sound, the International experiments depend on the situation at the production
sites and the travel of experts. So there will be delays, it's clear, the
reassessment of the schedule we have will be performed over the summer, but people
are coming back and you see with their attacks and protective equipment, working
in social distances doing very, very good and important. Now, one quick thing before
for closing and we have heard by McGraw Hill, answering your question, he
confirmed that the additional time which is needed by the experiments will be used
by the accelerator to do magnet training and I just wanted to re emphasize that 14
TV is better than that in TV. Not only is there additional such performance such
power for very heavy particles, but also thought I really known physics like TT Tth
production very important physics, we have a 20% larger cross section. So forgive me
gives us 20% monotonicity for these channels. Now, of course, the high
luminosity will be a monumental upgrade of Atlas of Atlas and CMS and they're
interesting proposals by Atlas and HCV. So the construction phases for phase two have
already started for CMS Atlas. I have no time to summarize this, I just want to
show you this CMS picture to recall the challenge we are dealing with in these
very, very busy environments. But also the the, the great stuff this spring. So you
see we are currently in the luminosity here for rantoul. And we will be moving up
here and the physics would be really different. We will have 190 million Higgs
bosons produced with three Envisat events and hundred 20,000 die hexes produced
which we can search for. So before concluding might have anything that did
not discuss many many other beautiful results. First Monday's full suite of new
and ingenious longest particle searches, which is a really an utterly creative
field as we have today, in the talk, further progress in theoretical
calculation and modeling is critical for exploiting the physics of front three and
behind, you know, ch c, then Smith Smith's left, the theorists and experimentalists
are moving to a really coherent beyond the Standard Model interpretation framework of
measurements and such as and this is a fantastic development, I think. So then I
would like to point out that the importance of outreach, as we have heard
in the talk just before for particle physics, so I would really wish all of us
all of you go and speak to policymakers, your colleagues at university as labs, to
students and to the public about this exciting science. So a decade after the
start, the LSE and its experiments have except exceeded all the performance
promises and transformed I believe particle physics we have discovered many
new tools. The Higgs boson is a tool to to approach the big questions the nature of
dark matter and energy hierarchies skate and the stability of the scalar sector, of
course, the Metra anti meta symmetry in the universe more harder for us, but still
very important, the strong CP problem to it unfortunately, so far, we don't have
any direct experimental probes. But there has been huge progress on the answerable
questions. And this is something which I copied from Gavin Sallam two years ago,
which I think was a very nice way to formulate it through measurements. And
this is very important. So we live in data driven times experiment must guide us to
the next stage and the agency and its experiments represent the flagship of
particle physics at the energy frontier for at least a decade or two to come. So I
want to finish with nevertheless pointing out as we have heard just before, that is
unprecedented COVID-19 crisis had hit our societies very hard with human suffering
and huge societal and as well as economic challenges. And so in this situation, we
are extremely grateful to Giovanni Roberto Everyone who contributed to this
organization of this beautiful conferences, as well as CERN for allowing
this important conference with as many fascinating times and poses to happen. So
I have here a virtual spring flower flowers, which I would like to give to our
the organizers. So thank you very much for your attention.
Thank you very much, Andreas, for having accepted our invitation to give this talk
and then delivered such an inspiring presentation with a selection of beautiful
results and a glimpse of the future ones that we might expect. Thanks also,
personally for your final words, when we decided to cancel the Paris conference,
but but the sequel operations and CERN asked us to consider in a full online
conference, we were a bit hesitant at first, but then we embark on this project
enthusiastically and we try to do our best to make it a success. And we've we I mean
a large team of committed people, as you will hear now in the concluding remarks by
the International pictures of the Congresswoman to rica to my end over the
microphone I thank you again undress and now I give microphone to to groom for the
final talk.