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Okay, thanks. Okay, so good afternoon. So
I was asked to give this overview of the

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physics case for future hadron colliders.
And let me just start by giving a you

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know, more more broad general view of what
a future project in energy physics might

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want to achieve. So, you know, as a first
bullet you would like to explore the

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energy frontier. And you would like,
hopefully to address some of the questions

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on physics beyond the Standard Model such
as market nuclear mass, and the matter

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antimatter symmetry. Of course, no
collider experiment, actually, no hype

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experiment can hope to answer decisively
all of these questions, what you can

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answer is yes or no to precise scenarios
of such questions. And this is what you

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can actually hope for a collider
experiment on the other hand, We know that

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the Higgs there so we have found it a
galaxy. And this is kind of a guaranteed

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deliverable if you can prove that your
collider can measure very precisely the

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parameters of the Higgs potential and
Higgs couplings, you have a guaranteed

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deliverable. So, what kind of hadron
colliders that are on the market. So, as

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you will imagine, I will talk mostly about
the FCC Ah, I think Daniel shooty later

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will give you an overview of all these
various options probably with a focus on

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the accelerator so I won't discuss them
too much here. As I said, I would focus

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mostly on the FSH which is a project for
100 TV Collider in 100 kilometer tunnel in

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the scenario, so this would be the second
step or the first e plus e minus Collider.

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That will Be essentially electroweak and
Higgs factory. You might know that there

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are two other possible options on the
tables which are less fashionable. So one

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is the energetic shear or you take 16th as
a magnet inside the UFC and you get the 27

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pt Collider. Another option that came out
during the European strategy is a so

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called low energy FCC h h, which will have
the 100 kilometer tunnel, you fill in with

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the cheapest possible magnets you get to
37 TV, and you wait to have the technology

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to get on the TVs. In case you don't want
to start with any plus or minus Collider.

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All of these options are described in
various cdrs in European strategy. Now

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more precisely 400 TV so this will be my
benchmark for for assessing the potential

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of a future Hadron Collider. More
precisely, you would like to problem the

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exact coupling to the percent level,
measure percent level precision, the

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Tokugawa and second generation so he's
tomeo don't talk cetera and measure the

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Standard Model parameter with high
precision. And of course, what you have is

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you really can explore the complementarity
with the plus and minus machines because

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you can access read case not only for the
Higgs but also for you know, some other

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processes. And also you have access to
high dimensional parameters in unity. To

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extend kinetic regime which you don't have
any plus or minus, at least in circular

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collider where you have limited amount of
energy is not Rothko's, for clinical

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either way, you can also higher energy and
neon collider even more and on the other

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hand, you know, if you're caught onto TV,
you want this machine to be discovered a

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machine is why you're caught for such high
energy because you're no you're your

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discovery potential in principle goes up
by a factor 700 divided by 14. And in

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fact, your targets will be known for you
for this kind of math, very heavy

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resonances in the range of 4050. TV for
soaz 20, stops and 15. And what you can

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see here is that, you know, it's very
similar to get in the sense that the

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physics problem program spans over a
fairly wide range of characteristic energy

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scales, but even more so, because you
still want to measure stuff at the hundred

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gv electroweak scale. But on the other
hand, you also want to go possibly almost

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an order of magnitude higher in energy to
discover new states.

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Just some very naive characterization of
what physics collision will look look like

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in in 100. tv regime. So the first thing
you'll notice in this plot or use or I

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should the cross section is a function on
this square root of s. terms of the pee

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pee coalition. You already see that the
pee pee cross section doesn't increase

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much between 14 and 100 t. So basically
what this means is that the levels of

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pileup will scale as the as the level of
the something luminosity and not a typical

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BP cross section is not increasing that
much. This also means that the interesting

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physics sticks out more provided that you
have the same luminosity, or at least the

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same regime of luminosity, that you have a
tidal menos etc. So, typically, for

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example, for Higgs processes, you have a
factor of 20 to 50 in case something as

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that changes, or at least slightly shifts
perspective at Hunter TV is that standard

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model of physics or stuff that is produced
basically a threshold when you don't

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require high school class is produced more
forward is because you have larger

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possible imbalance between the two buttons
inside the proton and any fact Something

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you can see and it's something you have to
address if you want to actually be the

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detector that can collect these
interesting physics is shown in the bottom

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plot here. You see a Higgs to follow up on
event that falls forward leptons as a

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higher detail in rapidity. And for
example, if ebf Victor Muslim fusion Higgs

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process, where you have this
characteristic forward jets, whereas the

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30 DVDs picks around typically three or
four inches of variability, a tablet TV

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would pick around four and five. So you
have to instrument these regions. If you

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want to collect this physics or you, you
have several experiments and we'd like to

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see type CB use case for example. On the
other on the other end of the spectrum,

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you have the boosted physics case, want to
make sure you can reconstruct these very

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high p particles. This means for cracking,
you have to have a large the square or a

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single point resolution that can you know,
that can that can cope with the With a

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high momentum that can handle these high
momenta particularly meters, you want to

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make sure that you have enough you know,
radiation and actual lengths to to stop

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these high PT particles. You're lucky in
the sense because you know the energy

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growth is logarithmic. So, we just add one
other additional length and you're

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basically done, but this means the more
material means that you have a Solomon

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behind you know, the whole thing up just
scales up by by by a large factor and of

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course, this is also possible concern for
the for the price, but a principle we

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showed that in a car that is assumable to
have this kind of to fulfill this kind of

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requirement pretty easily provided you
build a large enough detector, you have

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something that also changes a bit to the
in terms of, you know, phenomenology so

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for example, a we are using At the NFC to
reconstruct the moderately boasted

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headphones. So you have this typical
displacement of you know, 500 microns for

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standard your threshold, you don't have so
many one TVs and the LFC or four or five

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TVs. Now, if you want to look at
resonances, for example, in tops that will

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contain 50 VPN and you have to keep in
mind that, you know, you're typically the

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head and we live 50 centimeter inside the
detector and so it will decay later, look

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more like you know, emerging chat or chat.
So you have to think a bit how you're

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designing a talker and you have kind of a
dense, dense proportion of material even

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even outside your, your your your pizza
region. This will allow you to, you know,

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to construct these very displaced
topology, which is also important for for

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new physics. And you're talking about a
change in terms of algorithms, right. We

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look at This kind of behavior ends in a
different way because we look for example

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from multiplicity jumps in science from
earlier Congress also very highly boosted

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WCS and Hicks, you know, attend TV, who
will have its decay product which will be

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separated by time units. Typically, this
is already very short, very small four

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kilometer cell and, you know, keep become
more outrageous on a medical ultimatum.

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So, you will have to rely more and more on
tracking to reconstruct these kind of

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particles. Now, maybe it's more on the
physics program. So, let me start with the

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Higgs. So, as I mentioned already, the

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Higgs production rates at at FCC h 100. tv
will increase by a factor of 20 to 60

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depending on which process you're looking
at. This gives you access to very early k

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modes. Typically, for example, links to
email and also which are very

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complimentary, plus minus it will give you
x Software, a large dynamic range for x

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production would produce it addressed. And
you will have millions of events with the

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one TV Higgs, for example, which give you
indirect sensitivity to get some effects,

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for example, for particles running in the
living room fusion. And also, of course,

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the Higgs is a tool for doing Bs and
discoveries, because you can have the

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stuff that decays into the Higgs and also
profitably. And we start with discussing

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the rate of the stable so this would be
the table of a list of the precision that

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is achievable in terms of Higgs couplings
at the end of high luminosity hc and

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compared to FCC, and it's also to show a
little bit of the complementarity between

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the hardener experiment and the plasmonics
experiment. You can see that for a bunch

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of measurement, typical x to z, z, w, w
and x two heavy quarks, as long as the

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Higgs can came to them. Yes, he does. Very
good because branching ratio is larger.

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Now, when you go to more read case when
the company is smaller, you see that the

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FCC runs out of steam. Typically this is
the case for external external, my gamma

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is a branching ratio, the order of 10 to
the minus 310 to the minus four. The

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reason is because the SEC can produce only
1 million Hicks's so if you're not if

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you're if you're lost a factor of 10 to
the forward by by decaying them, you

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simply run out of steam to measure them
and so, this is what you have cch can

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really make the difference. So, another
another aspect in which the FCC h h is

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complimentary FCC is that at the FCC, so,
you can use the very precise measurement

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of the SEC. For example, it was easy to
normalize what would be relative measure

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metal FCC church in order to collider you
cannot really measure directly the

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coupling of the Higgs you have to make
assumption on the Higgs which is not true

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at the FCC because at FCC you can measure
directly the scalping zz because you

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cannot have the Higgs Mass Effect
measurement. And this is very interesting

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because now once you have this measure
this coupling which is precisely measured

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at the level of one per minute sec, this
gives you an absolute normalization

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provided that you can measure these ratios
at sec Ah, so maybe a bit more concrete

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here what we studied this, for example,
here I'm showing the ratio of Hicks to Mew

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Mew two weeks to four leptons, which are
it's very advantageous because you have

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the same object in different states so
most of the systematics will cancel out

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all the production systematics cancel out
and you know city theory uncertainties and

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you can see that you can actually measure
very precisely this ratio the FCC entered

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at the level of 1% which means that since
you know the denominator at the level of

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one premedia a measurement of extreme you
know, the level of 1% this is true also

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for z two for a to z gamma for example,
and Hicks to gamma gamma. Of course,

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another very important measurement at cch
is the exact coupling He's a measurement

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which is hard even at the FCC ah because
of course, this processes that is more

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cross section because of these destructive
interference between this box and triangle

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diagrams. What is on your side is at the
FCC church you have a factor 14 creating a

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cross section and you have another factor
turning your data to university which

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gives you a factor for under the event
here is an entry effective 20 position

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assuming this is statistically limited,
which is more or less the case. Now, we

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studied this for traumas, which you can
see on the right here the negative log

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likelihood for each of the channels the
most dominant the channel that drives the

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sensitivities to be gamma gamma tonics
with a precision between three and 8%

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depending on which kind of systematic
uncertainty you assume Of course, you have

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to make a lot of assumption because this
machine which will probably be seen today,

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you know 50 to 50 years from now, we
computed the combination which gives you a

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measurement of level of 5% What is
interesting is also to see how the self

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coupling precision varies as a function of
the integrated luminosity. Of course, with

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the full ftth runtime you get to precision
of order 5% but even if you work around

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only three minutes at the bar, which is
basically a couple of years of running the

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FCC hh you can reach the 10% precision
which is the precision you get click for

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example or I NC. We also measure we also
computed the the precision on k lambda. So

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the Higgs f coupling as a function of the
coupling of course, this assumes you have

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standard model coupling and you don't bury
the other couplings.

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But this can be interesting for example,
you know, for for scenarios or vertically

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but identities where you have this large
change index, self coupling. This is a

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summary of the values Higgs measurements.
Between FCC and FTC ah You can see that

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there is this very nice complementarity or
you get below 1% for most of them and you

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will really have some of them which can be
measured better with FCC and others which

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can be measured with FCC judge because
these are kth to me Mr. gamma gamma

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described earlier and of course, acts of
copying which you cannot measure it

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directly can only do it to the oddity
productions. Something I mentioned before

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also, it's something which is very
interesting at the FCC. hh is this

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complementarity in the, in the in the
measurement of the Higgs of coupling and

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the search for, you know, the creation of
the standard model which could explain the

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larger volume of symmetry in our universe.
So, you can have this extension of the

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standard model with a with a singlet on
the left plot, you can see what is covered

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in these bands is basically these points
that give you these stamps. First on the

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first condition, and you can see that with
100 kV a 13, or sarcoma these red occur

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allows you to exclude most of the of the
of the point. And on the right block even

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more interesting plot which gives you in
the x axis the pressure on the Higgs of

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coupling on the y axis, the precision on
the X was easy coupling, which is

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basically the flagship measurement of the
SEC, all these thoughts are thoughts that

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give you again, the strong first quarter
10th edition, the ones which are favored

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by, by, by this theory, and in fact, what
you can see is that the SEC can exclude

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basically most of the points on the Z on
the X on the y axis whereas your ch can

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actually constrain the most on the x axis.

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We have four minutes left,

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okay, I will try to go fast, maybe I can
skip this. So their hips too. Invisible is

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also a very important measurement because
it cannot It allows you to probe

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directional Higgs to potentially a dark
matter.

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And this was studied also in the context
of the cdr.

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You have these very large sitting in your
background, which you can constrain by by

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measuring the CW and gamma spectra and you
can also actually measure it, you know,

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when you have high statistics from the
past minus you control region. In fact,

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you have so much statistical data that you
can actually do even better than FCC and

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you can actually even measure the standard
model. It was easy to form a neutrino

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the level of 10% I believe,

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something else you can do of course, you
know high energy collider as I mentioned

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at the beginning, and this is something is
the first thing you look at if you wish

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when you start to assess these kind of
options because you want to check whether

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you can fulfill the promise Increasing
these Kaveri rich. And so the first thing

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to look at is resonances. So you can see
primes to dialect on tops Graviton to W.

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Of course, this will make use of stars,
Jetstar, certainly because we look at

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these in the Atlantic channel. So the two
highly most tops, W's who educate

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chronically as well. And of course, you
have constraints from the tech revolution

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because of the fact I mentioned earlier
that is highly boost and jets will be

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severely collimated and eventually will
emerge and you won't be able to

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distinguish them too much from QC digits.

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We also look at this flavor inspired

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model where you have DC prime coupling to
DNS only. That could explain in a minimal

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way. The B to k star mimeo Family and we
showed that we just checked you can

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basically exclude all the allowed
parameter space suit stops again we use

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these very same boosted technique to
construct these atomic jets. He came from

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a highly massive stops which we'll get
into how he was the top and you can show

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that you can you can actually discover
stops up to 10 TV more or less at the FCC

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ah Finally, something which is also very
interesting is exotic signatures such as

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such as disappearing tax. So, you have
this very simple with a type of dark

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matter scenario that emulate with a dark
force. Xenon when a dark matter, which are

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favored in the range of one and three TV,
it observes that Alec abundance, these are

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very typical compressed my my spectrum
which are these very characteristic

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signatures Have a charged particle that
will basically disappear in your detector

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because it will decay to a very soft biome
and missing energy and you cannot

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reconstruct the soft pi and so, your your
signal is basically this disappearing tax.

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And this group of people from doctrine is
very nice studies shows that you can

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basically cover and actually discover both
Xenon we know dark matter and Pshh should

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properly design your packet volume. And
so, I come to the conclusion, I will just

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briefly summarize the bytes I went
through. So, the large statistics are GCC

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h h in terms of Higgs physics, so, we
typically produce 10 to the 10 Higgs boson

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open up a new range of possibilities,
allowing both to measure or advocate

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channel and measure the Higgs in
eukaryotic genome and he's really

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complimentary to that see. You can measure
ratios of couplings or equivalent Key

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ratios of branching ratios concept both
systematics and to allow you to normalize

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these measurement with respect to the SEC
give you they're often the absolute

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counting measurement, you can measure the
Higgs coupling to a precision of about 5%

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and the FC change which is among all
proposed future options, they are the most

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precise measurement and you can directly
excluded these very simple models of or or

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fine or discovered of for compatible with
the first time that I took this position.

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And of course, you have unprecedented
reach for direct searches, evidence

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associated searches. I hope I made it in
time.

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Yes, you did. Thanks. Let me kill

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without warning open the panel for for
questions or comments. So that's the usual

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procedure please raise your hand and then
we will give me

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permission to speak

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any questions?

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If not maybe a naive one from from myself.
I'm not an expert on on sushi but I always

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had the impression that already with
Elysee databases very much under pressure

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to say the least.

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How much

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to do people actually still have hope to
to find something yet at FCC or how much

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are these models constructed actually
true?

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Well, I believe that Okay, these are these
are modern, more fine tuned model, of

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course, but I think that rather than, you
know, giving a hope measures to find Susie

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or not, Yes Ah, this is a way It's a well
known and well studied model such that

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people can refer to when you evaluate to
the benchmark country to the doctor. I

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mean, which is more the way I see this

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community maybe

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I can comment better on a

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wireless has

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been doing very bad Of course, but not
that we we we have absolutely no no no

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reason to stop searching directly for new
resonances. supersymmetry may still be

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there look a little bit different from
what we thought and there are many there

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can be many more scenario. So I totally
agree with what you said. The the idea of

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having these sushi benchmarks is simply
because they are a lot of particles which

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has been studied already. And we want to
know how well we can be ready to discover

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new particles of the broadest possible
variety. So it's like a catalog. Okay, for

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me, and I think we get like these So, I
had a question. Yes. Oh, if you want so my

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question was about this dispenser extra
linear we always so you show that and you

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comment on slide 15 that actually in most
actually, as far as I know, almost all the

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other Genesis models, the single leaks,
it's enough right? Single leaks gathering

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measuring very well at some collider
closes a bit the door to these these

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models. So what is actually left? I mean,
we want to move to measure the cylinder

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But why?

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Well, I think this is a question for
theorists like you but in from an

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experimental perspective, if you're
completely naive, you have a new particle

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and you know, you have a unit you know,
you have a predicted value for its

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coupling and a standard model. And even if
you you know, even if you don't have

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anything in mind that you want measure is
new, all its new couplings to death. And

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the history of coupling is one of them. I
mean, this is at least my perspective on

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it. You're right. I mean, of course, it
seems that measuring the zz and extra vv

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couplings and naptime colliders will be
enough to constrain these models. You

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probably even know better than me. There
might be even some models for Jewish this

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is not the case.

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It's difficult. It's difficult to find
some there are corners of things. Now,

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maybe I don't agree with what you're
saying, don't you think is maybe that

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measuring, I don't know, 10 times or 100
times better. The scalping to vector

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vector may be more productive than
measuring the extra linear, which doesn't

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mean it is to say, we can put both things
but yeah,

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okay, this might be true. And I think we
shouldn't do both.

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In fact, I think probably the best way
would be to start by measuring up to the

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highest possible position with a plus or
minus collider and then

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then measure that the linear

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Thomasina procedure with a Hadron
Collider.

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Okay,

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thank you.

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I don't see any further raised hands so
let's think Michaela again. And then you