1 00:00:01,680 --> 00:00:08,070 Okay, so thank you for the invitation, I was asked to talk about lactone colliders 2 00:00:08,070 --> 00:00:14,910 in the future colliders landscape. Now, given the time available, available, I'm 3 00:00:14,910 --> 00:00:20,760 not gonna give actually a super complete overview of all work can be done with 4 00:00:20,760 --> 00:00:25,680 electron colliders and the corresponding Of course counterpart of the same on the 5 00:00:25,680 --> 00:00:30,570 same physics topics that can be done at hadron colliders. And the way I suggest 6 00:00:30,570 --> 00:00:34,590 you to look at the physics briefing book that we prepared for this strategy update, 7 00:00:34,830 --> 00:00:39,660 which is which is very cool, which is very complete. Instead what I will do is that I 8 00:00:39,660 --> 00:00:45,090 will try to give basic concrete examples okay, but selected few of them, I will try 9 00:00:45,090 --> 00:00:51,000 to outline what is the general what is the physics potential of weapon colliders and 10 00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:56,670 now, especially this physics potential and the comparison with other machine changes 11 00:00:56,670 --> 00:01:05,400 and evolves when you Race, the energy of these little Collider. So, we already saw 12 00:01:05,400 --> 00:01:11,520 in the end and then you will know right that a satisfactory mid level position 13 00:01:11,520 --> 00:01:18,090 program on x goblins, especially to those two vectors and so on. This is possible 14 00:01:18,090 --> 00:01:22,560 only at the Higgs factory electron collider as far as we can tell today. And 15 00:01:22,560 --> 00:01:28,890 so this is a unique feature that electron colliders had and and that's one of the 16 00:01:28,890 --> 00:01:35,640 main reason for for interest talking about lepton colliders operating at as X Factor 17 00:01:35,640 --> 00:01:40,710 is in the few hundreds, maybe up to the top threshold in the case of clicker 18 00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:46,350 energies that and that there is a certain physics case when you when you start 19 00:01:46,350 --> 00:01:51,330 considering things like click, which is three TV, for instance, in the Iron Age 20 00:01:51,480 --> 00:01:56,190 situation changes, and then I will show you how the situation further changes if 21 00:01:56,190 --> 00:02:00,780 we start dreaming somehow to an even more energetic lead compliance For example, 22 00:02:01,080 --> 00:02:10,050 immune, immune. Okay, so let me start the from, from the standard picture actually 23 00:02:10,380 --> 00:02:13,470 healing the beanstalk. I think this picture is not standard anymore, maybe it 24 00:02:13,500 --> 00:02:18,150 was done a few years ago, but in any case, I'm going to argue that it is incomplete. 25 00:02:18,630 --> 00:02:22,680 So, the comparison between add on electron colliders that brings together some sort 26 00:02:22,680 --> 00:02:28,410 of philosophy, but it is also very concrete as always in science and the 27 00:02:28,410 --> 00:02:32,310 standard picture which I would argue is incorrect, but as you have already seen 28 00:02:32,310 --> 00:02:36,720 actually, is that well astral collide other collider physics potential coincides 29 00:02:36,750 --> 00:02:41,370 with the possibility of performing direct response searches and let them collide 30 00:02:41,370 --> 00:02:46,530 this thesis potential coincides with performing indirect searches. Okay, this 31 00:02:46,530 --> 00:02:50,130 is a well all what you want to do and you have to do at the lead collider is to 32 00:02:50,130 --> 00:02:54,480 measure some quantity that is predicting the sample model sample section and 33 00:02:54,480 --> 00:02:58,200 compare with under my prediction and see if there are departures to be attributed 34 00:02:58,410 --> 00:03:02,010 to new physics. This is an Indian In physics search, while the other collider 35 00:03:02,010 --> 00:03:07,410 is good, essentially because it allows you to probe directly in physics to produce 36 00:03:07,410 --> 00:03:11,490 the new resonances. And I think we have to emphasize the importance of exploring the 37 00:03:11,490 --> 00:03:15,750 energy frontier in this way, because, well, it's a very complete way of 38 00:03:15,750 --> 00:03:19,650 exploring, because in essentially all new physics and I will say no, there are new 39 00:03:19,650 --> 00:03:24,390 particles that could be detected as resonances. And also it's very direct, as 40 00:03:24,390 --> 00:03:29,190 the name says way of seeing what's the underlying physics because we literally 41 00:03:29,190 --> 00:03:33,540 see the agents that then go back into the go into the Lagrangian and produce the 42 00:03:33,540 --> 00:03:37,260 underlying theory right. So characterization is very easy. If you 43 00:03:37,260 --> 00:03:42,240 discover a bomb okay or at least that we also and this is the advantage. The 44 00:03:42,240 --> 00:03:46,680 disadvantage of course, is that you may fail as usual, because new particles could 45 00:03:46,680 --> 00:03:52,350 be too heavy to be seen directly, but still they leave some visible imprint okay 46 00:03:52,350 --> 00:03:56,460 in some indirect throw when in this case, you should go on the other side, you 47 00:03:56,460 --> 00:04:00,210 should do something that exceptions signature which in this in this A 48 00:04:00,210 --> 00:04:05,490 simplified picture coincides with building. The other way, of course, we 49 00:04:05,490 --> 00:04:09,240 knew particles could be decoupled and or covered by background and you will not see 50 00:04:09,240 --> 00:04:15,540 them. The advantage of index searches on the other hand, is similar in the sense 51 00:04:15,540 --> 00:04:20,340 that it's also a very broad way of exploring the unknown because you physics 52 00:04:20,370 --> 00:04:25,200 unavoidably changes based on the model predictions. And so you have a very robust 53 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:30,960 and rewarding and also say like the one of left right goes on textbook, the problem 54 00:04:30,960 --> 00:04:34,500 of standard model, what we call Standard Model measurements, from which then you 55 00:04:34,500 --> 00:04:40,830 can have wide it each shift on a wide set of VSM possibilities by a third party 56 00:04:40,830 --> 00:04:46,020 tools. The disadvantage, of course, is that well, yeah, new physics will affect 57 00:04:46,080 --> 00:04:50,670 your observables. But our match, for example, in the MSM, not in general in 58 00:04:50,670 --> 00:04:54,480 supersymmetry, but in them it's the same. These indirect effects are tiny because 59 00:04:54,480 --> 00:04:55,290 they come from loop 60 00:05:07,890 --> 00:05:10,800 Do you measure a single observable, like he wants to experiment to find the 61 00:05:10,800 --> 00:05:15,060 tension, you have a very hard time to see if this is really any physics and to 62 00:05:15,060 --> 00:05:19,320 explain it so to turn this nation into a true new physics discovery, through 63 00:05:19,350 --> 00:05:24,420 discovery of a new theory, okay, it's much more than that in direct as the name says, 64 00:05:24,960 --> 00:05:29,520 of course, the balance of pros and cons is very much in physics to the bandit game 65 00:05:29,520 --> 00:05:35,280 depends very much on the model and not so often in the parameter space fight in 66 00:05:35,280 --> 00:05:38,880 which you are in this model, and is what we call a compliment added. And that's 67 00:05:38,880 --> 00:05:41,550 definitely true, there is a lot of complementarity between direct and 68 00:05:41,550 --> 00:05:45,660 indirect searches. What is not true is this direct correspondence of hadron 69 00:05:45,660 --> 00:05:49,320 colliders for doing that association lepton colliders for doing that searches, 70 00:05:49,590 --> 00:05:53,700 and that's why I am saying that is slightly different picture will emerge 71 00:05:53,730 --> 00:05:58,890 during the dog, as especially when we raise the energy of our let them collide. 72 00:05:59,400 --> 00:06:04,980 So The standard example for complementarity was discussed a long, long 73 00:06:04,980 --> 00:06:11,520 ago. And you'll see much of a lot of updates again in this 1910, which is the 74 00:06:11,550 --> 00:06:17,010 physics degree book I was suggesting you to look at is probing the idea that the 75 00:06:17,010 --> 00:06:21,030 Higgs may have finite sides be a composite object, which is a way web pose the 76 00:06:21,540 --> 00:06:27,180 question itself or even not talking about naturalness a position like this. If you 77 00:06:27,180 --> 00:06:31,860 want to do this, you need two parameters, at least, which is the size of the x and 78 00:06:31,860 --> 00:06:38,700 the inverse of these sides. Controls is a mass scale that controls the mass of the 79 00:06:38,760 --> 00:06:42,300 extra particles that come together with the Higgs the Higgs is an add on is a 80 00:06:42,300 --> 00:06:46,710 bound state of new Dynamics, which unavoidably also produces some kind of 81 00:06:46,710 --> 00:06:51,510 Romanian for instance, taking an analogy from UCD for example, being one particle 82 00:06:52,350 --> 00:06:58,500 to be to be produced the invasion production and the m star one or the x 83 00:06:58,500 --> 00:07:03,720 length is they have to be At mass, the other parameter is the coupling to start. 84 00:07:04,200 --> 00:07:09,060 Now, this coupling place sort of we're all into Cindy like theory, these two studies, 85 00:07:09,090 --> 00:07:13,950 largish, maybe four pi or maybe a bit less, but you may consider the possibility 86 00:07:13,950 --> 00:07:19,350 in which it is on a really wide range. And this gabbing g star is the coupling of the 87 00:07:19,380 --> 00:07:23,760 resonances been between themselves and so it plays a sort of we're all when it comes 88 00:07:23,760 --> 00:07:29,640 to for example producing this heavy row restaurants, single production now you bar 89 00:07:29,700 --> 00:07:33,600 it go it goes through a beautiful gauge goes on and then you pay your mixing and 90 00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:37,620 this mixing you see is the week gapping divided by the standard stuff. So the only 91 00:07:37,620 --> 00:07:42,150 thing you have to know understand this slot is that Judo which is actually just 92 00:07:42,150 --> 00:07:46,980 out here, okay? control so it's the inverse of this just that that controls 93 00:07:47,130 --> 00:07:50,700 the strength of the single of the production of these particles and display 94 00:07:50,700 --> 00:07:55,770 in why you see a small g star the searches are very effective, we have a very good 95 00:07:55,920 --> 00:08:00,240 message okay. So which is the converse you would expect so just that is not The 96 00:08:00,240 --> 00:08:03,180 cabling, but it's the inverse of the cabling in this in this plot if you want 97 00:08:03,660 --> 00:08:08,310 and so, you have that for example, the FCC, these are very updated projection. 98 00:08:08,340 --> 00:08:14,280 So, for updates, look here they have a very good mass storage. On the other hand, 99 00:08:14,370 --> 00:08:18,240 when you go at large g star then the cabling becomes small and so you have to 100 00:08:18,240 --> 00:08:23,280 rely on something else. And you discovered that when you start becomes larger, then 101 00:08:23,280 --> 00:08:29,370 you add a fixer and start mass you stop that getting a big effect. So in escapees, 102 00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:35,040 for example exempting to backdoor six couplings to, to top also. So you you go 103 00:08:35,040 --> 00:08:40,320 for example, and you measure them at their meal. This is all the name of the lab for 104 00:08:40,320 --> 00:08:45,120 what could be now they say more or less Do you see or click so the first some 105 00:08:45,120 --> 00:08:48,660 something's factory that's not cool. Either. We make all things above design, 106 00:08:48,960 --> 00:08:55,050 potentially excluded. Okay, and so you you you probe these other parts of the plane, 107 00:08:55,110 --> 00:08:58,530 and so you'll see clearly complementarity and so you'll see that you do need the 108 00:08:59,190 --> 00:09:04,020 electron They don't collide together in order to probe the complex composite 109 00:09:04,020 --> 00:09:09,300 hypothesis in a meaningful way That is to say to answer what is the size of these 110 00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:12,990 okay or what is the bound if you are unlucky on the size of the x you have to 111 00:09:12,990 --> 00:09:16,830 move you have to be vertical right in this in this in this plane and, and you cannot 112 00:09:16,830 --> 00:09:18,660 do that if you don't cover also this page 113 00:09:20,730 --> 00:09:25,860 let's try to do an even simple thing which is a z prime boson Okay. Have you seen a 114 00:09:25,860 --> 00:09:32,100 resonance of which can produce a bump at the FCC h h in for Gabbar to to the 115 00:09:32,100 --> 00:09:36,870 electron for example, or whatever other final state here the situation is more 116 00:09:36,990 --> 00:09:40,260 simple in the sense that the production cross section scales with the C prime 117 00:09:40,260 --> 00:09:44,640 Catholic square, okay, so it's not the inverse, it's really get bigger when the 118 00:09:44,700 --> 00:09:49,410 company gets bigger. And this is one way to prove it. That is to say to go at the 119 00:09:49,410 --> 00:09:55,500 FCC h h and produce this orange line which corresponds to the direct search okay for 120 00:09:55,500 --> 00:09:59,970 this particle which becomes more and more effective as the governing increase but 121 00:10:00,000 --> 00:10:03,690 But well it saturates at some point, because you know at some point or to 122 00:10:03,690 --> 00:10:08,070 luminosity function may these things become a bad thing. On the other hand, if 123 00:10:08,070 --> 00:10:13,620 you go at for example, the FCC you can measure very precisely the indirect effect 124 00:10:13,620 --> 00:10:17,640 of the same object, you can regulate it out you get the contact interaction for 125 00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:23,370 fermium works like similar to the familiar if you want vertex which which corrects 126 00:10:23,460 --> 00:10:27,240 the sender mother correct the perception by an amount the relative amount which is 127 00:10:27,420 --> 00:10:32,850 again does that by cabling, okay, divided by the Prime Minister square times four 128 00:10:32,850 --> 00:10:36,960 dimensional analysis their energy of of your processes that you're measuring, so, 129 00:10:37,020 --> 00:10:41,400 it would be a couple of hundred gv if you are at FCC. So here there is no 130 00:10:41,400 --> 00:10:45,360 complementarity. Well, there is less complementarity to start with in the sense 131 00:10:45,360 --> 00:10:50,340 that when you have MATLAB, when now when you are at level two, Jesus Christ, Jesus 132 00:10:50,340 --> 00:10:55,230 prime, both ways of probing it of probing is more that are more effective because 133 00:10:55,260 --> 00:10:58,590 you don't have a way of thinking that the production goes as one over g stop 134 00:10:58,590 --> 00:11:02,640 happening like the previous slide. But also quantitatively, you see that the FCC 135 00:11:02,700 --> 00:11:07,500 is simple simply loses with respect to the direct searches, we perform it that the 136 00:11:07,530 --> 00:11:14,460 FCC, Hh, okay? Really, it's very precise. So it's measuring this cross section and 137 00:11:14,460 --> 00:11:19,080 the soul is capable to constrain the physics effect as much as it can matter 138 00:11:19,080 --> 00:11:23,430 the precision of the order of 10 to the minus four or even 10 to the minus five. 139 00:11:23,460 --> 00:11:27,990 That's what you can do, for example, for a plus a minus two plus b minus measurement 140 00:11:27,990 --> 00:11:32,220 from which this bomb could be extracted at the FCC, but you can either make it 141 00:11:32,220 --> 00:11:35,940 because this ends that find suppression is too much if you want to be sensitive, for 142 00:11:35,940 --> 00:11:41,850 example, to this point. If you now go to a higher energy level Collider, for example, 143 00:11:41,850 --> 00:11:48,060 click at its 3d v energy ran, then all what you win is simply this square factor 144 00:11:48,060 --> 00:11:52,020 that now becomes three TVs where rather than being few hundred gv square, and so 145 00:11:52,020 --> 00:11:57,720 the relative effect induced by this underlying model is simply bigger. Okay, 146 00:11:57,870 --> 00:12:01,590 it's bigger and so you you have bigger things. Which you can probe and the in 147 00:12:01,590 --> 00:12:06,930 this case you can project the limit which goes here and you see it covers much. I 148 00:12:06,930 --> 00:12:12,960 mean some amount of space okay, that that searches at the FCC, Hh would not actually 149 00:12:12,990 --> 00:12:17,370 actually cover Okay, so to see he loses and click weeds and this is due to this 150 00:12:17,370 --> 00:12:23,130 energy announcement is very simple. On the other hand, well it's not the end of the 151 00:12:23,130 --> 00:12:28,950 story because the ICC hh can also perform in that it searches and and and Michaela 152 00:12:28,980 --> 00:12:33,060 already already mentioned it is actually since the effects we have started we are 153 00:12:33,060 --> 00:12:37,530 targeting our energy announced that we don't need the say 10 to the minus four 154 00:12:37,530 --> 00:12:41,520 measurements which of course you cannot do at an atom Collider in order to see them. 155 00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:46,020 Okay, so to catch this energy growth, you don't need that the amazing accuracy which 156 00:12:46,020 --> 00:12:50,340 is proper, which is the feature of Lego colliders if you want you can really do it 157 00:12:50,340 --> 00:12:55,500 also FCC h h. And similar things can also be done at the LSD actually, we'd 158 00:12:55,500 --> 00:13:01,770 measurements at the percent or 2% accuracy in systematic Accuracy for example, this 159 00:13:01,770 --> 00:13:07,620 would come from some bilateral final state studies at the FCC. Ah, this is pretty 160 00:13:07,650 --> 00:13:14,340 important that this kind of the cool lie energy probes are somehow the idea of 161 00:13:14,370 --> 00:13:19,590 making some measurements or exploiting some accuracy, but the Thai energy that is 162 00:13:19,590 --> 00:13:23,100 exploiting energy and the Curiosity together and when it is possible, like in 163 00:13:23,100 --> 00:13:27,210 this example it can, it can bring something some new interesting direction 164 00:13:27,210 --> 00:13:32,250 of inspiration. And this is of course, very promising for direction at the FCC, 165 00:13:32,280 --> 00:13:37,110 Hh. And so we go to the first element here, which I want to which I want to 166 00:13:37,350 --> 00:13:42,450 somehow slightly modify, which is, well, I don't like this, what precision is 167 00:13:42,450 --> 00:13:46,380 possible, it doesn't go like this. And we already saw examples in the previous store 168 00:13:46,470 --> 00:13:48,030 on top of the ones that I'm making here. 169 00:13:49,290 --> 00:13:54,000 And so, well, you can build another collider also if you're interested in 170 00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:57,540 performing that it searches of some particular types in some particular 171 00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:04,200 condition. On the other hand, destroyed that the lepton colliders I mean let them 172 00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:08,610 colliders Of course, if they are a tie energy can also exploit these mechanism as 173 00:14:08,610 --> 00:14:13,170 we saw from from click in this block that you see click it was slightly better than 174 00:14:13,170 --> 00:14:20,550 the SEC ah but somehow comparable okay. So, keep in mind the other advantage of 175 00:14:20,550 --> 00:14:25,050 his energy probe is that somehow the correspondence between what is growing 176 00:14:25,050 --> 00:14:31,500 with energy and then aligned physics is much more direct the energy growth is sort 177 00:14:31,500 --> 00:14:36,000 of the center of the beans is much more striking evidence of new physics and also 178 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:40,800 the characterization is easier because you have you can more easily disentangle 179 00:14:40,920 --> 00:14:44,880 effective operator contact interaction is responsible for the growth and then 180 00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:50,130 complete it becomes a little bit easier. So, also on this side, I think we should 181 00:14:50,490 --> 00:14:55,650 reconsider a bit this this generalization feeling that people ask in this respect. 182 00:14:56,100 --> 00:15:01,140 And now let's come to the last last point which is a whether or not It's true that 183 00:15:01,140 --> 00:15:07,320 that let them go like this you can only do index searches okay. Actually, if I knew 184 00:15:07,320 --> 00:15:11,970 nothing about accelerator physics, which is more or less the case I would not think 185 00:15:11,970 --> 00:15:15,510 like that I would think the opposite right? Because let them colliders to the 186 00:15:15,510 --> 00:15:20,850 principal be very good at performing that searches because Latin colliders do is 187 00:15:20,880 --> 00:15:25,260 that indeed have the competitive advantage over problem machine over I don't go lie 188 00:15:25,260 --> 00:15:30,480 this simply the energy is stored the energy that you give to the beam is stored 189 00:15:30,480 --> 00:15:34,890 in fundamental particles which then when they collide, that they produce reactions, 190 00:15:34,890 --> 00:15:40,650 which are part of the reaction, okay? And the percent of the time, okay? Instead 191 00:15:40,650 --> 00:15:44,400 that if you are at the alkalizer, as you know very well that apart from 192 00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:48,420 distribution functions, and you waste a lot of energy, if you've been 14, TV, etc, 193 00:15:48,420 --> 00:15:52,980 you don't have access to, for example, a production of 70 particles, you don't 194 00:15:52,980 --> 00:15:58,380 really have access to 14 TV, central Monster Energy in the bathtub. And so 195 00:15:58,380 --> 00:16:04,440 opportunity again, The high energy physics is probing this probe better is probed at 196 00:16:04,440 --> 00:16:09,060 the higher scale with the smaller energy of the collider if you are at lepton 197 00:16:09,060 --> 00:16:15,750 collider rather than nothing at the problem okay. And of course, this starts 198 00:16:15,750 --> 00:16:20,250 becoming interesting if let them go like this can add a little bit more energy than 199 00:16:20,250 --> 00:16:26,310 the one of like, for example level 10 or 14 Db like in this plot here and this may 200 00:16:26,310 --> 00:16:31,770 be feasible, maybe, for example with the immune Collider, okay, which is something 201 00:16:31,770 --> 00:16:35,190 we are trying to see. You're gonna have a look here 202 00:16:36,540 --> 00:16:41,730 right. So, so, this plot is supposed to show this very simple observation. In this 203 00:16:41,730 --> 00:16:47,730 block that we have, we consider some new particles, which we producing bear, the 204 00:16:47,730 --> 00:16:51,990 particles have a mass m, which is taken to be of the order of the square root of S. 205 00:16:52,260 --> 00:16:56,760 Let's say they are square root of s over two to be just below the threshold. The 206 00:16:56,760 --> 00:17:01,950 production threshold is guru professor of electrical life. See me on Collider, okay, 207 00:17:02,520 --> 00:17:08,130 this particular production will have a certain cross section. And now we go and 208 00:17:08,130 --> 00:17:13,650 we go to an apathetic admin Collider in which we want to produce the same fate of 209 00:17:13,650 --> 00:17:19,980 particles and we say raise the energy of this proton collider until when we find a 210 00:17:19,980 --> 00:17:24,480 quality of cross sections okay. So for example at this point here the this energy 211 00:17:24,480 --> 00:17:29,100 for the proton collider would be such that the same particle okay the same production 212 00:17:29,100 --> 00:17:34,230 particles with the mass of around the you see here around 70 V which is alpha 14, 213 00:17:34,470 --> 00:17:39,480 okay would be would be produced with the same rate at the collider and at the 214 00:17:39,480 --> 00:17:43,800 corresponding level. And there are two lines because if you have particles that 215 00:17:43,830 --> 00:17:49,680 bring the QC D color on top of electroweak charge, then they algrim collider is 216 00:17:49,680 --> 00:17:53,580 favoured by the fact that can produce this particle in pairs you can produce these 217 00:17:53,580 --> 00:17:58,470 particles in pairs using Cassini. And so this is the blue line while this is the 218 00:17:58,470 --> 00:18:03,630 dashed line which is for part two Because that only add electroweak charge. So, this 219 00:18:03,630 --> 00:18:09,090 reference point is particularly fortunate because somehow by chance, I would say, 220 00:18:09,240 --> 00:18:13,920 but it so happens that this estimate gives that 14 to Vimeo will light them up and 221 00:18:14,010 --> 00:18:22,590 whoever happens to correspond to in under TV, another machine. So, the FCC, the FCC 222 00:18:22,590 --> 00:18:27,750 h in terms of equality of cross section, and this can be verified if you look at 223 00:18:28,080 --> 00:18:32,700 some examples. So, you have the cross sections and you can somehow verify that 224 00:18:32,730 --> 00:18:37,200 somehow the estimates fade from below some sometimes from above about more or less 225 00:18:37,260 --> 00:18:41,580 for particles to bring about color and the electroweak charge like the stop or the 226 00:18:41,610 --> 00:18:46,680 partners of composites, you can see that this estimate is verified. And with the 227 00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:52,800 Start Here you can mark what is the reach of the estimated reach from the FCC, HHS, 228 00:18:52,890 --> 00:18:57,150 collaboration, collaboration. And then his message for example, in the case of the 229 00:18:57,150 --> 00:19:03,420 stop will be retired NTV Why they won not this hypothetical energy left on collider 230 00:19:03,420 --> 00:19:08,040 would be some of the threshold for TPP divided to seven, but in this case it 231 00:19:08,040 --> 00:19:12,810 would be better and and and so on as you see, as you see here, and then of course, 232 00:19:12,810 --> 00:19:17,400 if it goes to exceed we know two electroweak shattered only particles then 233 00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:21,570 one may say that well in terms of perception you do out you do have a lot of 234 00:19:21,600 --> 00:19:26,100 new have an advantage as shown in the previous plot and in some cases also in 235 00:19:26,100 --> 00:19:30,270 terms of in terms of reach. And of course, one can also imagine in terms of 236 00:19:30,270 --> 00:19:35,430 characterization really having more events, this will be an advantage. Okay. 237 00:19:35,730 --> 00:19:41,880 Ah, yeah, so, this requires a certain luminosity, what this requires a certain 238 00:19:41,880 --> 00:19:48,510 energy and I would say that it targets reasonable targets to have a direct 239 00:19:48,510 --> 00:19:51,900 aspiration program which is better than the one of the luminosity really 240 00:19:51,900 --> 00:19:58,020 significantly. Okay, maybe not yet at the level of the SEC Ah, would be to have a TV 241 00:19:58,110 --> 00:20:03,240 okay with 14 TV, you You may say you are as good as FCC Ah, but we tend to be you 242 00:20:03,240 --> 00:20:08,490 can still be say you are exploring directly in junk junk off center of mass 243 00:20:08,490 --> 00:20:13,950 energies that the police you cannot probe. And this is the scaling of luminosity that 244 00:20:13,950 --> 00:20:19,620 you need in order to achieve these and the other goals of this kind of approach. Four 245 00:20:19,620 --> 00:20:25,170 minutes left. Yeah, I will. Yeah, just just few words, because I think it's clear 246 00:20:25,590 --> 00:20:29,760 where I want to go. If I want to discuss it, what happens in the transition from 247 00:20:29,760 --> 00:20:34,920 sec II and click right. So if I then raise the energy, again, these energy probes 248 00:20:34,920 --> 00:20:39,690 will become incredibly more effective than they are than they are a click Okay, if I 249 00:20:39,690 --> 00:20:44,190 could offer at least 10 and when when you put your energy. So for example, this 250 00:20:44,190 --> 00:20:48,240 blog, I haven't shown it before, but essentially, it's a version of the blog on 251 00:20:48,300 --> 00:20:52,230 x compositing, it said at the beginning, completed in several different ways. And 252 00:20:52,230 --> 00:20:57,270 this is the reach of click that and this is compare compatible, or even better, 253 00:20:57,570 --> 00:21:03,270 when compatible with the one of the FCC Together with a change, okay. So, you can 254 00:21:03,270 --> 00:21:09,750 imagine if instead of TV I do 30 TV just to exaggerate plus or minus Collider, I 255 00:21:09,750 --> 00:21:14,460 should in order to get rich I should redo this plot four times and then I will find 256 00:21:14,820 --> 00:21:18,720 my reach on the components compositing scale, which is far above what any other 257 00:21:18,720 --> 00:21:22,440 project can do. And if you said I do 10 I will do I will go steal somewhere here 258 00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:26,640 just have to divide by three okay. So, clearly I energy blobs now that they have 259 00:21:26,640 --> 00:21:30,690 much more energy becomes much more effective than any other project that you 260 00:21:30,690 --> 00:21:35,970 may they have constructed. Now, there is also space for precision in the standard 261 00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:40,860 sense, it is to say you have a lot of luminosity for low energy processes like 262 00:21:40,860 --> 00:21:45,420 for example, low energy in this respect is doubling production abilities production 263 00:21:45,420 --> 00:21:49,710 we have plenty of double X's which may allow just the statistics after the 264 00:21:49,710 --> 00:21:53,880 termination of the extra linear which is actually slightly better than what the FCC 265 00:21:53,880 --> 00:21:59,070 h will do. But claims should be made with care because neon collider is a weird 266 00:21:59,070 --> 00:22:04,530 environment. Okay. If so there are no, you want the full detector studies of any of 267 00:22:04,530 --> 00:22:10,170 this. And also the fact that that wasn't scattering, you have also a lot of single 268 00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:16,020 x actually produced maybe you will not need if the factory happens before. And 269 00:22:16,020 --> 00:22:20,040 also the fact that you can, I don't know, but troublesome scattering rates which are 270 00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:24,570 very high. And you know, vector scattering is somehow philosophical, even if they're 271 00:22:24,570 --> 00:22:27,360 all built the fundamental nature of electroweak symmetry breaking the 272 00:22:27,360 --> 00:22:34,800 fundamental nature of the terms of utilization of WWE. So let me summarize, I 273 00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:38,490 really don't know but I mean, from my viewpoint, it's likely that the next 274 00:22:38,490 --> 00:22:43,140 collider will be electron Collider, because precisely scabbing measurements 275 00:22:43,140 --> 00:22:47,160 have a broad dsme impact, and one should not neglect that there is more than the X 276 00:22:47,160 --> 00:22:51,780 rays, also electroweak measurements, if you will redo that but with a factor of 10 277 00:22:51,780 --> 00:22:55,590 or 20 more precision, you do learn a lot of things, even if you just look at that 278 00:22:55,590 --> 00:22:59,130 poll, and there are many more things to be looked at that just kind of projects and 279 00:22:59,130 --> 00:23:05,760 also the top If possible, quite high energy electron collider like clique would 280 00:23:05,760 --> 00:23:11,670 substantially improve over low energies factory and striking examples are these 281 00:23:11,670 --> 00:23:15,450 high energy probes, the access to the Selenium that was mentioned also in the 282 00:23:15,450 --> 00:23:19,320 previous talk and also some direct production of some particles not so light 283 00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:23,340 but for example, not so heavy Otherwise, you will not be able but like the sooner 284 00:23:23,340 --> 00:23:28,320 that matter can be done to TV click some singlet model. I mean, there is there is a 285 00:23:28,320 --> 00:23:32,700 long list of things that can be interesting, but it's fair to say that if 286 00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:38,100 you combine the FCC project in a single project that is E plus h h, as you're 287 00:23:38,100 --> 00:23:42,540 allowed to do even the way the project is structured, then you can know nearly the 288 00:23:42,540 --> 00:23:46,650 same Okay, there are a few cases in which we do a little bit better and then these 289 00:23:46,650 --> 00:23:50,880 other projects, but on the other hand, you have a much better return on on direct 290 00:23:50,880 --> 00:23:56,370 searches. A if you instead start talking about the barrier energy weapon colliders, 291 00:23:56,370 --> 00:24:02,130 which to me means 10 TV or more, I think This should be studied in several ways, 292 00:24:02,130 --> 00:24:07,920 but from my viewpoint in several respects, so this would surpass any present day 293 00:24:08,370 --> 00:24:14,640 proposal. Future Collider. Don't worry, there's no competition, because this is 294 00:24:14,640 --> 00:24:21,270 not at the moment is published to be technologically feasible. hopes. And maybe 295 00:24:21,420 --> 00:24:29,370 Danny will talk about this will rely on this concept of plasma Lego which will not 296 00:24:29,970 --> 00:24:36,000 say entitled to judge. But or the idea of immutable either which maybe is more is 297 00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:37,500 more is more than 298 00:24:38,940 --> 00:24:43,950 this very energy left on collider is a dream. And so, I mean, it's correct that 299 00:24:43,950 --> 00:24:49,140 it comes at the end of the talk. But the idea is that we should try to see if it 300 00:24:49,140 --> 00:24:56,130 could become reality because this will really make me a step forward in the in 301 00:24:56,130 --> 00:24:59,850 the way we depict the future possible collapse. Thank you. 302 00:25:02,460 --> 00:25:03,240 Thank you, Andrea. 303 00:25:05,790 --> 00:25:09,780 And the floor is open for questions and comments. Please raise your hands. 304 00:25:20,040 --> 00:25:20,970 I don't see 305 00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:23,880 this one. 306 00:25:26,880 --> 00:25:32,970 We get a Please go ahead. Yes, very quick question. You say that the very idea that 307 00:25:32,970 --> 00:25:38,220 on collider is superior to any other proposal for, you know, for a high energy 308 00:25:38,220 --> 00:25:43,410 Collider. So I suppose in all the cases you presented, it looks like it's the case 309 00:25:43,410 --> 00:25:48,660 I was wondering how if this holds, so like, for example, if you want to produce 310 00:25:48,660 --> 00:25:53,700 only strongly coupled residences, you can do right with the napkin Collider. So how 311 00:25:53,700 --> 00:25:59,970 big of a limitation in terms of spectrum of you know UTM is that you can test it 312 00:26:00,660 --> 00:26:06,150 Right right right right. Yeah I tried to make clear this is this has to be made the 313 00:26:06,210 --> 00:26:11,280 judgment has to be made as overall because it as far as I can tell you, if you don't 314 00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:16,470 go maybe to 30 TV which you probably cannot will not go okay. You will not be 315 00:26:16,470 --> 00:26:21,600 able to do all the things which can be done at the FCC ah ah and the more you 316 00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:25,350 will be able to do more or better okay but there are things that you will not be able 317 00:26:25,350 --> 00:26:31,470 to do and so at some point you will have to choose so for example apart from I 318 00:26:31,470 --> 00:26:36,120 don't know details reach that still have to be established whether you do the stop 319 00:26:36,120 --> 00:26:42,870 attend TV or at seven TV this this I mean let's let's be beside this data is a case 320 00:26:42,870 --> 00:26:48,030 of physics which of course, you may miss will be the one of purely you should call 321 00:26:48,030 --> 00:26:53,070 it the new physics. Okay, new physics that brings only to see the color and for that 322 00:26:53,070 --> 00:27:01,530 you will have a rather poor perspectives even if I'll pour these To be stuck. On 323 00:27:01,530 --> 00:27:06,720 the other hand, there are things like, I don't know, that matter most people it's 324 00:27:07,860 --> 00:27:13,230 either math or multiplets which as far as I understand would be done only at 325 00:27:13,260 --> 00:27:18,000 collider like this one. And then you have contentedly for example, that if you ask 326 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:23,010 yourself that each one is compositing us or the rich in that iteration, that's the 327 00:27:23,010 --> 00:27:28,530 prime in the under the TV mass range, you cannot do with your cc h h and you can do 328 00:27:28,530 --> 00:27:33,120 here. So, I agree with you there are there are there is some amount of receiver 329 00:27:33,120 --> 00:27:37,560 complementarity, but I will be able, I mean, I will say I wouldn't be able to 330 00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:41,220 defend or tie to the final place that this will be clearly better than the tch but 331 00:27:41,220 --> 00:27:41,910 this may just mean that. 332 00:27:45,630 --> 00:27:56,010 Okay, other further questions or comments? I don't see any. So thank you, Andrea. 333 00:27:57,150 --> 00:28:02,910 Thank you, and then we move to last presentation by Daniel short on possible 334 00:28:02,910 --> 00:28:03,900 realizations.